Segunda Declaración de la Habana (1962) - Fidel Castro Ruz

Speaker 1: THE END Comrades of the Second National General Assembly of the People,

Fidel Castro: for the second time with the character of a sovereign body of the will of the Cuban people, this General Assembly today. And it gathers to give the answer to the maneuver, to the conspiracy, al complot de nuestros enemigos en Punta del Este. En todo el mundo están puestos los ojos sobre nuestro pueblo en el día de hoy. Los pueblos de todos los continentes are waiting for this response from our homeland. Let us then go to the most important thing of this afternoon, which is the Second Declaration of Havana. Our message Nuestro mensaje a los pueblos de América y del mundo. La palabra de nuestro pueblo en este minuto histórico, respaldada por este pueblo, respaldada por su presencia de tal manera como nunca en América estuvo respaldada no word, no message. With us are numerous Latin Americans who visit our country. They participated in the Habana People's Conference. But they must not be only spectators. We propose to the National General Assembly of the people that the Latin Americans are not spectators, but that they also have the right to vote together with the people of Cuba on the Havana Declaration. One day they will also be able to gather their people, like us today, and they will be able to express their thoughts as freely as we do today. Let the people pay attention to every word, to every phrase of this document, of this Second Declaration. that says this and that we propose in the name of the integrated revolutionary organizations and the revolutionary government to the people of Cuba. from the people of Cuba to the people of America and the world. On the eve of his death, in an unfinished letter because a Spanish bullet pierced his heart, on May 18, 1895, José Martí, Apostle of our Independence, wrote to his friend Manuel Mercado, I can now write, I am already every day in danger of giving my life for my country and for my duty, of preventing in time with the independence of Cuba that the United States extend through the Antilles and fall with that force more over our lands of America. What I have done until today and will do is for that. The same minor and public obligations of the most vitally interested peoples in preventing Cuba from opening up due to the annexation of the imperialists, the path that has to be blocked, and with our blood we are blocking the annexation of the peoples of our America to the rebellious and brutal North that despises them, they had prevented their ostensible and patented adhesion to this sacrifice that was made in the immediate good of them. I lived in the monster and I know its entrails, and my wave is that of David. In 1895, pointed out the danger that was lurking over America and called imperialism by its name, imperialism. He warned the peoples of America that they were more than anyone interested in Cuba not succumbing to the Yankee greed despising the Latin American peoples.

Speaker 1: And with their own blood,

Fidel Castro: poured out by Cuba and by America, listed the posthumous words that, in tribute to his memory, the people of Cuba subscribe today to the head of this declaration. Sixty-seven years have passed. Puerto Rico was turned into a colony and is still a colony saturated with military bases. Cuba also fell into the clutches of imperialism. Its troops occupied our territory. The Platt amendment was imposed on our First Constitution as a humiliating clause that consecrated the odious right of foreign intervention. Our riches went into their hands. Our fake history Our administration and our policy are entirely shaped by the interests of the interviewees. The nation has been subjected to sixty years of political, economic and cultural suffocation. But Cuba rose up. Cuba was able to redeem itself from the bastard tutelage. Cuba broke the chains that tied its fate to the oppressive empire, rescued its riches, vindicated its culture and unfolded its sovereign flag of territory and free people of America. the United States will never be able to fall on America with the force of Cuba. But on the other hand, dominating the majority of the states of Latin America, the United States intends to fall on Cuba with the force of America. What is the history of Cuba if not the history of Latin America? And what is the history of Latin America but the history of Asia, Africa and Oceania? And what is the history of all these peoples, but the history of the most ruthless and cruel exploitation of imperialism in the whole world? At the end of the last century and the beginning of the present, a handful of economically developed nations had finished distributing the world. subjecting its economic and political domain to the two-thirds of humanity, which in this way was forced to work for the dominant classes of the group of developed capitalist countries. The historical circumstances that allowed certain European countries and the United States of North America a high level of industrial development, placed them in a position of being able to submit to their domain and exploitation to the rest of the world. What motives promoted this expansion of industrialized powers? Were they moral reasons? Civilizing ones, as they claimed? No. were economic reasons. Since the discovery of America, which launched European conquerors through the seas to occupy and exploit the lands and inhabitants of other continents, the desire for wealth was the fundamental motive of its conduct. The very discovery of America was carried out in search of shorter routes to the East, whose goods were highly paid in Europe. A new social class, merchants and producers of manufactured goods for trade, emerged from the bosom of the feudal society of lords and servants in the post-trimmeries of the Middle Ages. The thirst for gold was the springboard that moved the efforts of that new class. The desire for profit was the incentive for its conduct through its history. With the development of the manufacturing industry and trade, its social influence grew. The new productive forces that were developed within the feudal society increasingly collided with the relations of servitude typical of feudalism, its laws, its institutions, its philosophy, its morality, its art and its political ideology. New philosophical and political ideas, new concepts of law and state were proclaimed by the intellectual representatives of the bourgeois class, Little by little, they became aware in the exploited masses. They were revolutionary ideas in the face of the fleeting ideas of feudal society. The peasants, the artisans and the workers of the factories headed by the bourgeoisie threw the feudal order on the ground their philosophy, their ideas, their institutions, their laws and the privileges of the ruling class, that is, the hereditary nobility. Then the bourgeoisie considered the revolution fair and necessary. It did not think that the feudal order could and should be eternal. as he now thinks of his capitalist social order. He encouraged the peasants to free themselves from feudal servitude. He encouraged the artisans against the gremial relations and claimed the right to political power. The absolute monarchs, the nobility and the high clergy tenaciously defended their class privileges, proclaiming the divine right of the crown and the intangibility of social order. Being liberal, proclaiming the ideas of Voltaire, Diderot or Juan Jacob Rousseau, spokespersons of bourgeois philosophy, constituted then for the ruling classes a crime as serious as it is today for the bourgeoisie to be socialist and proclaim the ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin. When the bourgeoisie conquered political power and established on the ruins of feudal society its capitalist mode of production, on that mode of production it erected its State, its laws, its ideas and institutions. Those institutions first consecrated the essence of its class domination, private property. The new society based on private property over the means of production and in free competition was thus divided into two fundamental classes. One possessing the means of production increasingly modern and efficient. The other dispossessed of all wealth, possessing only its labor force, forced to sell it on the market as another commodity in order to survive. Broken were the barriers of feudalism, the productive forces developed extraordinarily. large factories emerged where an increasing number of workers was accumulated. The most modern and technically efficient factories were moving from the market to less efficient competitors. The cost of industrial equipment was increasing. It was necessary to accumulate increasingly superior sums of capital. An important part of the production was accumulated in a smaller number of hands. This is how the great capitalist companies emerged. And later on, the associations of large companies, through cartels, unions, trusts and consortia, according to the degree and character of the association, controlled by the owners of most of the shares, that is, by the most powerful knights of the industry. Free competition, characteristic of capitalism in its first phase, gave way to the monopolies that conserved agreements between themselves and controlled the markets. Where did they come from? the colossal sums of resources that allowed a handful of monopolists to accumulate thousands of millions of dollars simply from the exploitation of human labor. Millions of men forced to work for a subsistence wage produced with their effort the gigantic capital of the monopolies. The workers accumulated the fortunes of the privileged classes, increasingly rich, increasingly powerful. Through the banking institutions, they came to have these, not only of their own money, but also of the money of all society. This is how it happened the merger of the banks with the big industry, and the financial capital was born. What then to do with the large excesses of capital that were accumulating in larger quantities? Invade the world with them, always in favor of profit, began to take over the natural riches of all the economically weak countries and to exploit the human labor of their inhabitants with salaries much more miserable than those who were forced to pay the workers of the metropolis itself. Thus began the territorial distribution and economic of the world. In 1914, 8 or 10 imperialist countries had submitted to their economic and political dominance outside their borders, to territories whose extent rose to 83,700,000 km2, with a population of 970 million inhabitants. The world had simply been divided. But since the world was limited in extension, divided already to the last corner of the globe, came the clash between the different monopolistic countries, and the pugna arose for new divisions originated in the distribution not proportional to the industrial and economic power that the different monopolistic countries in unequal development had achieved. The imperialist wars that would cost humanity 50 million dead tens of millions of invalids and incalculable material and cultural riches destroyed. This had not yet happened when Marx had already written that the newly born capital resumed blood and mud through all pores from the feet to the head. The capitalist system of production, once it had given of itself everything it was capable of, became an abysmal obstacle to the progress of humanity. But the bourgeoisie, from its origin, carried in itself its opposite, and gigantic productive instruments were developed in its bosoms. But in turn, a new and vigorous social force, the proletariat. Called to change the social system, already old and worn out, of capitalism for a superior social economic form and in accordance with the historical possibilities of human society, turning into the property of all society those gigantic means of production that the peoples, and nothing more than the peoples with their work, had created and accumulated. To such a degree of development of the productive forces, it was absolutely caducal and anachronistic a regime that postulated private possession and with it the subordination of the economy of millions and millions of human beings to the dictates of an exquisite social minority. The interests of humanity claimed the cessation of anarchy in production, the collapse, the economic crises and the rapine wars typical of the capitalist system. The growing needs of the human race and the possibility of satisfying them demanded the planned development of the economy and the rational use of its means of production and natural resources. It was inevitable that imperialism and colonialism would enter into a profound and unsalvable crisis. The general crisis began as a result of the First World War with the revolution of the workers and peasants that overthrew the Tsarist Empire of Russia and implanted, in extremely difficult conditions of siege and capitalist aggression, the first socialist state in the world, initiating a new era in the history of humanity. Since then, to this day, the crisis and the decomposition of the imperialist system have been accentuated incessantly. The Second World War, unleashed by the imperialist powers and which dragged the Soviet Union and other peoples of Europe and Asia, criminally invaded, to a bloody struggle for liberation, culminated in the defeat of fascism, the formation of the global field of socialism and the struggle for the sovereignty of the colonial and dependent peoples. Between 1945 and 1957, more than 1,200 million human beings conquered their independence in Asia and Africa. The blood shed by the peoples was not in vain. The movement of dependent and colonized peoples is a universal phenomenon that shakes the world and marks the final crisis of imperialism. Cuba and America are part of the world. Our problems are part of the problems that arise from the general crisis of imperialism and the struggle of subjugated peoples. the clash between the world that is born and the world that dies. The hateful and brutal campaign unleashed against our homeland expresses the desperate effort, as useless, that the imperialists make to avoid the liberation of the peoples. Cuba hurts the imperialists in a special way. What is it that is hidden behind the Yankee hatred of the Cuban Revolution? What does it rationally explain the conspiracy that brings together, in the same aggressive purpose, the richest and most powerful imperialist power in the contemporary world and the oligarchies of a whole continent, that together are supposed to represent a population of 350 million human beings against a small town of only 7 million inhabitants economically underdeveloped without financial or military resources to threaten neither security nor the economy of any country unites them y los concita el miedo, lo explica el miedo, no el miedo a la revolución cubana, el miedo a la revolución latinoamericana. not the fear of workers, peasants, students, intellectuals and progressive sectors of the middle classes who have revolutionarily taken power in Cuba. but the fear that workers, peasants, students, intellectuals and progressive sectors of the middle classes take revolutionary power in the oppressed, hungry and exploited peoples by the Yankee monopolies and the reactionary oligarchy of America. the fear that the people taken from the continent will snatch their weapons from their oppressors and declare themselves, like Cuba, free peoples of America. Crushed by the Cuban Revolution, they want to dissipate the fear that torments them. the ghost of the revolution that threatens them. By liquidating the Cuban revolution, they believe in liquidating the revolutionary spirit of the peoples. They claim, in their delirium, that Cuba is an exporter of revolutions. In their minds of insomniac negotiators and usurers, the idea fits that revolutions can be bought or sold, rented, lent, exported or imported as one more commodity. Ignorant of the objective laws that govern the development of human societies, they believe that their monopolistic, capitalist and semi-feudal regimes are eternal. educated in their own reactionary ideology, a mixture of superstition, ignorance, subjectivism, pragmatism and other aberrations of thought, have an image of the world and the march of history accommodated to their interests of exploiting classes. They assume that revolutions are born or die in the brain of individuals or by the effect of divine laws and that, in addition, the gods are on their side. They have always believed the same, from the devoted pagan patricians in slave Rome who threw the primitive Christians to the circus lions and the inquisitors in the Middle Ages who, as guardians of feudalism and absolute monarchy, engulfed in the bonfire the first representatives of the liberal thought of the nascent bourgeoisie, even the bishops who today in defense of the bourgeois and monopolist regime, anathematize proletarian revolutions. All reactionary classes, in all historical eras, when antagonism between exploiters and exploited people reaches its maximum tension, foreshadowing the advent of a new social regime, have used the worst weapons of repression and slander against their adversaries. Accused of incendiating Rome and of sacrificing children on its altars, the primitive Christians were taken to martyrdom. Accused of heresy, they were taken by the inquisitors to the bonfire. Philosophers like Giordano Bruno, reformers like Hus, and thousands of more dissatisfied with the feudal order. Today, the persecution and crime preceded by the worst slander in the monopolistic and bourgeois press are instigated on proletarian fighters. Always, in every historical era, the ruling classes have murdered, invoking the defense of society of the order of the homeland, their society of privileged minorities over exploited majorities, their classist order that they maintain in blood and fire over the dispossessed, the homeland that they enjoy alone depriving the rest of the people of that enjoyment, to repress the revolutionaries who aspire to a new society, a just order, a true homeland for all. But the development of history, the rising march of humanity, cannot be stopped. The forces that drive the peoples, who are the true builders of history, determined by the material conditions of their existence and the aspiration for higher goals of well-being and freedom that arise when man's progress in the field of science, technique and culture makes it possible, are superior to the will and terror unleashed by the dominant oligarchies. The subjective conditions of each country, that is, the factor of consciousness, organization, direction, can accelerate or delay the revolution according to its greatest or least degree of development. But sooner or later, in each historical period, when the objective conditions mature, consciousness is acquired the organization is achieved, the direction arises and the revolution is produced. Whether this takes place because of peaceful causes or whether the world is born after a painful birth, does not depend on the revolutionaries. It depends on the reactionary forces of the old society, which resist to let the new society be born, which is engendered by the contradictions that the old society carries in its bosom. The revolution is, in history, like the doctor who assists the birth of a new life. no usa sin necesidad los aparatos de fuerza pero los usa sin vacilaciones cada vez que sea necesario para ayudar al parto parto parto que trae to the enslaved and exploited masses, the hope of a better life. In many countries of Latin America, the revolution is now inevitable. That fact does not determine the will of anyone. It is determined by the dreadful conditions of exploitation in which the American man lives. the development of the revolutionary consciousness of the masses, the global crisis of imperialism and the universal movement of struggle of the subjugated peoples. The anxiety that is recorded today is an unequivocal symptom of rebellion. The entrails of a continent that has witnessed four centuries of slave exploitation, Semi-slave and feudal of man, from their aboriginal dwellers and the slaves brought from Africa to the national nuclei that later emerged, white, black, mulatto, mestizo and Indian, who today sister the contempt, the humiliation and the yugo yanqui as sister to the hope of a better tomorrow. Los pueblos de América se liberaron del coloniaje español a principios del siglo pasado, pero no se liberaron de la explotación. Los terratenientes feudales asumieron la autoridad de los gobernantes españoles. Los indios continuaron en penosa servidumbre. El hombre latinoamericano en una u otra forma siguió esclavo. and the minimum hopes of the people succumbed under the power of oligarchies and the guise of foreign capital. This has been the truth of America, with one or another nuance, with one or another aspect. Today, Latin America lies under a much more ferocious imperialism more powerful and more ruthless than the Spanish colonial empire? And in the face of the objective and historically inexorable reality of the Latin American revolution, what is the attitude of the Yan imperialism? Getting ready to wage a colonial war with the peoples of Latin America. to create the apparatus of force, the political pretexts and the pseudo-legal instruments subscribed with the representatives of the reactionary oligarchies to repress with blood and fire the struggle of the Latin American peoples. The intervention of the US government in the internal policy of the countries of Latin America has been becoming increasingly open and unbridled. The Inter-American Defense Council, for example, has been and is the nest where the most reactionary and pro-Yankee officers of the Latin American armies are incubated, later used as coup instruments at the service of the monopolies. The North American military missions in Latin America constitute a permanent espionage apparatus in each nation, closely linked to the Central Intelligence Agency, inculcating to the officers the most reactionary feelings and trying to turn the armies into instruments of their political and economic interests. Currently, in the area of the Panama Canal, the North American High Command has organized special training courses for Latin American officers fighting against revolutionary guerrillas, aimed at repressing the armed action of the peasant masses against the feudal exploitation to which they are subjected. In the United States itself, the Central Intelligence Agency has organized special schools to train Latin American agents in the most subtle forms of murder. and it is a policy agreed by the military services of the Yankees, the physical liquidation of anti-imperialist leaders. It is noteworthy that the Yankee embassies in different countries of Latin America are organizing, instructing and equipping fascist bands to sow terror and attack working, student and intellectual organizations. Those gangs, where they recruit the children of the oligarchy, plunder and people of the worst moral chasm, have already perpetrated a series of aggressive acts against the movements of the masses. nothing more evident and unequivocal of the purposes of imperialism than its conduct in the recent events of Santo Domingo. Without any kind of justification, without even mediating diplomatic relations with that Republic, the United States, after placing its warships in front of the Dominican capital, declared, with its usual insolence, that if the Balaguer government requested military aid, they would disembark their troops in Santo Domingo against the insurrection of the Dominican people. That the power of Balaguer was absolutely spurious. That every sovereign people of America should have the right to solve their internal problems without foreign intervention. That there are international norms and a global opinion even if there was an OAS, did not count for anything in the considerations of the United States. What they did count for were their designs to prevent the Dominican Revolution, the re-establishment of the hateful disembarkation of its navy infantry, without any more basis or requirement to base that new filibuster concept of law than the simple request of a tyrannical, illegitimate and in crisis ruler. What this means is that it should not escape the peoples. In Latin America there are plenty of rulers of that kind willing to use the Yankee troops against their respective peoples when they see themselves in crisis. This policy declared by North American imperialism to send soldiers to fight the revolutionary movement in any country in Latin America, that is, to kill workers, students, peasants, and Latin American men and women have no other goal than to continue to maintain their monopolistic interests and the privileges of the traitorous oligarchy that supports them. Now it can be clearly seen that the military pacts signed by the United States government with Latin American governments secret pacts many times and always behind the people's backs, invoking hypothetical external dangers that no one ever saw anywhere. They had the only and exclusive objective of preventing the struggle of the peoples. They were pacts against the peoples, against the only danger the internal danger of the liberation movement that put the interests of the Yankees at risk. Not without reason, the people wondered, why so many military agreements? Why the shipments of weapons, which if technically are inadequate for a modern war, are instead effective to crush strikes, repress popular demonstrations and bleed the country? Why the military missions, the Rio de Janeiro Pact and the 1,001 international conferences? Since the end of World War II, the nations of Latin America have become more and more depauperated. Their exports have less and less value. Their imports have higher prices. Income per capita decreases. The terrible percentages of child mortality do not decrease. The number of illiterate is higher. The people lack work, land, adequate housing, schools, hospitals, means of communication and means of life. On the other hand, North American investments exceed $10 billion. Latin America is also a supplier of cheap raw materials and a buyer of expensive articles. Like the first Spanish conquerors who traded the Indian mirrors and cheap things for gold and silver, so the United States trades with Latin America. To preserve that wealth stream, to take more and more of the resources of America, and exploit their suffering peoples, that is what was hidden behind the military pacts, the Castrian missions and the diplomatic cabal of Washington. This policy of gradual strangulation of the sovereignty of the Latin American nations and of free hands to intervene in their internal affairs had its culminating point in the last meeting of the chancellors. In Punta del Este, the Yankee imperialism gathered the chancellors to tear them apart through political pressure and unprecedented economic blackmail, with the complicity of a group of the most disrespected rulers of this continent, the renunciation of the national sovereignty of our peoples, and the consecration of the hated right of Yankee intervention in the internal affairs of America, the submission of the peoples to the unanimous will of the United States of America, against which all the proxies from Bolívar to Sandino fought. And neither the US government, nor the representatives of the exploiting oligarchies, nor the great reactionary press, sold to monopolies and feudal lords, did not hide to strictly demand agreements that would be equivalent to the formal suppression of the right to self-determination of our peoples. To erase it with a lead in the most infamous conspiracy, that recalls the history of this continent. At closed doors, between repugnant conciliations, where the Yankee Minister of Colonies dedicated whole days to overcome the resistance and the scruples of some chancellors, putting in play the millions of the Yankee Treasury in an undisguised sale of votes, a handful of representatives of the oligarchies of countries that, together, barely add up a third of the population of the continent, imposed agreements that serve as a silver platter to the Yankee master, the head of a principle that cost all the blood of our peoples since the wars of independence. the pyrrhic character of such sad and fraudulent achievements of imperialism, its moral failure, the broken unanimity and the universal scandal do not diminish the gravity that the agreements imposed at that price have entrenched for the peoples of Latin America. In that immoral conclave, the titanic voice of Cuba was raised without weakness or fear to accuse before all the peoples of America and the world the monstrous attack and to defend virilely and with dignity that will consist in the annals of history not only the right of Cuba but the right helpless of all the sister nations of the American continent. The word of Cuba could not have echo in that mastered majority, but could not have an answer either. There was only the impotent silence before its demolishing arguments, the audacity and courage of its words. But Cuba did not speak for the chancellors, Cuba spoke for the peoples and for history, where its words will have echo and response. In Punta del Este, a great ideological battle was fought between the Cuban Revolution and the Yankee imperialism. What did they represent there? Who did each of them speak for? Cuba represented the peoples. The United States represented the monopolies. Cuba spoke for the exploited masses of America. The United States spoke for the oligarchic, exploiting and imperialist interests. Cuba spoke for sovereignty. the United States for intervention, Cuba for the nationalization of foreign companies, the United States for new foreign capital investments, Cuba for culture, the United States for ignorance, Cuba for the agrarian reform, the United States for the latifundio, Cuba for the industrialization of America, the United States for underdevelopment, Cuba for creative work, the United States for sabotage and counter-revolutionary terror practiced by its agents, the destruction of canals and factories, the bombing of its pirate planes against the work of a peaceful people, Cuba por los alfabetizadores asesinados. Estados Unidos por los asesinos. Cuba por el pan. Estados Unidos por el hambre. Cuba por la igualdad. United States, for privilege and discrimination. Cuba, for truth. United States, for lies. Cuba, for liberation. United States, for oppression. Cuba, for the bright future of humanity. United States, for the hopeless past. Cuba, for the heroes who fell in Giron to save the homeland from foreign domination. United States, United States, for the mercenaries and traitors who serve the foreigner against his homeland. Cuba for peace among peoples. United States for aggression and war. Cuba for socialism. United States for capitalism. The agreements obtained by the United States with methods so filthy that the whole world criticizes, do not remain but add to the morality and reason of Cuba. They demonstrate the treachery and betrayal of oligarchies to national interests and teach the peoples the path to liberation. reveals the rottenness of the exploiting classes, in whose name their representatives spoke in Punta del Este. The OAS was unmasked as what it is, a ministry of Yankee colonies, a military alliance, an apparatus of repression against the liberation movement of the Latin American peoples. Cuba has lived three years of revolution under the incessant harassment of the Yankee intervention in our internal affairs. Pirate planes from the United States, launching flammable materials, have burned millions of straws, acts of international sabotage perpetrated by Yankee agents, such as the explosion of the Vapor La Cubre, have cost dozens of Cuban lives. Thousands of North American weapons of all kinds have been launched in paratroops by the US military services on our territory to promote subversion Hundreds of tons of explosive materials and infernal machines have been subversively disembarked on our coasts by American boats to promote sabotage and terrorism. A Cuban worker was tortured at the Guantánamo Naval Base and deprived of life without prior process or any subsequent explanation. Nuestra cuota azucarera fue suprimida abruptamente y proclamado el embargo de piezas y materias primas para fábricas y maquinarias de construcción norteamericana para arruinar nuestra economía. Artillado ships and bombing planes from bases prepared by the US government have surprisingly attacked ports and Cuban facilities. Mercenary troops, organized and trained in Central American countries by the government itself, have invaded our territory in a war zone escoltados por barcos de la flota yanqui y con apoyo aéreo desde bases exteriores, provocando la pérdida de numerosas vidas y la destrucción de bienes materiales. Contra revolucionarios cubanos son instruidos en el ejército de Estados Unidos y nuevos planes de agresión se realizan contra Cuba. Todo eso ha estado ocurriendo durante tres años. incessantly at the sight of the entire continent and the OAS does not find out. The chancellors meet in Punta del Este and do not even bother the US government or governments that are material accomplices of these aggressions. They expel the victimized Latin American country from Cuba the aggressed country. The United States has military pacts with countries from all continents, military blocs with as much fascist, militaristic and reactionary government as there is in the world, the NATO, the SEAT and the CENTO, to which we must now add The OAS intervenes in Laos, in Vietnam, in Korea, in Formosa, in Berlin. It openly sends ships to Santo Domingo to impose its law, its will, and announces its purpose of using its NATO allies to block trade with Cuba. and the WHO does not find out. The chancellors gather and expel Cuba, which has no military pact with any country. Thus, the government that organizes subversion around the world and forms military alliances in four continents, expels Cuba accusing it nothing less than of subversion and of extra-continental ties. Cuba, the Latin American country that has become the owners of the land to more than 100,000 small farmers, has secured employment all year in farms and cooperatives to all agricultural workers, transformed the barracks into schools, granted 60,000 scholarships to university, secondary and technological students, created classrooms for the entire children's population, completely liquidated illiteracy, quadrupled medical services, nationalized monopolistic companies, suppressed the abusive system that turned housing into a means of exploitation for the people Eliminado virtualmente el desempleo, suprimido la discriminación por motivo de raza o sexo. Barrido el juego, el vicio y la corrupción administrativa. armed the people, made live the enjoyment of human rights by freeing men and women from exploitation, inculture and social inequality, that has freed itself from all foreign tutelage, acquired full sovereignty and established the foundations for the development of its economy in order not to be a more monoproductive country and exporter of raw materials, is expelled from the organization of American states by governments that have not achieved for their peoples a single of these claims. How can they justify their behavior against the peoples of America and the world? How can they deny that in their concept the policy of land, of bread, of work, of health, of freedom, of equality and of culture, of accelerated development of the economy, of national dignity, of full self-determination and sovereignty, is incompatible with the hemisphere? Los pueblos piensan muy distinto. Los pueblos piensan que lo único incompatible con el destino de América Latina es la miseria, la explotación feudal, el analfabetismo, los salarios de hambre. unemployment, the political repression against the working, peasant and student masses, the discrimination of women, black, Indian, mestizo, the oppression of oligarchies, the looting of their wealth by the Yankee monopolies, the moral suffocation of their intellectuals and artists, the ruin of their small producers for foreign competition, the economic underdevelopment, the peoples without roads, without hospitals, without homes, without schools, without industries, the submission to imperialism, the renunciation of national sovereignty and the betrayal of the homeland. How can they make their conduct understood? the condemnatory attitude towards Cuba, the imperialists. With what words are they going to speak? And with what feelings? To those who have ignored, although exploited for such a long time. Those who study the problems of America usually ask which country ¿Quiénes han enfocado con corrección la situación de los indigentes, de los pobres, de los indios, de los negros, de la infancia desvalida, esa inmensa infancia de 30 millones en 1950, que será de 50 millones dentro de 8 años más? Sí. ¿Quiénes? ¿Qué país? 32 millones de indios vertebran as well as the Andes, the entire American continent. Of course, for those who have considered it almost as one thing, more than as a person, that humanity does not count. It did not count, and they believed that it would never count. As it was supposed, however, a blind workforce should be used, as is the case with a wheelbarrow or a tractor. How can one believe in any benefit, in any alliance for progress with imperialism? Under what oath, if under his holy protection, his killings, his persecutions, do the indigenous people of the south of the continent still live, like those of Patagonia in Toldos, as their ancestors lived on the avenue of the discoverers almost 500 years ago? where those who were great races that populated the Argentine continent, Paraguay and Bolivia, like the Guaraníes, who have been fiercely decimated, like those who hunt animals and to whom they have been buried in the interior of the jungle, where to that indigenous reserve, which could serve as a base for a great American civilization, and whose extinction has been hastened for a moment, and to which America has been pushed inside through the Paraguayan estuaries and the Bolivian highlands, sad, rudimentary, melancholic races, bruised by alcohol and drugs, to which they welcome themselves to at least survive in the inhuman conditions not only of food, in which they live, where a chain of hands stretches almost uselessly, still stretches for centuries uselessly, over the hills of the mountain range, their skirts along the great rivers, and through the shadows of the forests to unite their miseries with the others that slowly perish, the Brazilian tribes and those of the north of the continent and its coasts, until reaching the 100,000 Venezuelan mutilones, in the most incredible delay, and savagely confined in the Amazon rainforests or the Perija mountains, to the lonely mapichanas who, in the hot lands of the Guayanas, wait for their end, already almost lost, definitively, for the good of the humans. Yes, to all these 32 million Indians, that extend from the border with the United States to the confines of the southern hemisphere, and 45 million mestizos, who in large part differ little from the Indians. To all these indigenous people, to this formidable flow of labor, of trampled rights, yes, what can imperialism offer them? How can these ignorant people believe in any benefit that comes from such bloody hands? Whole tribes that still live naked, others that are considered anthropophagous, Others who, in the first contact with the conquering civilization, die like insects. Others who are cast off, that is, they are thrown from their lands, they are pushed until they are thrown into the forests, or into the mountains, or into the depths of the plains, where neither the smallest atom of culture, of light, of bread, nor of anything reaches. In what alliance As it may not be one for their fastest death, they will believe these indigenous races, looted for centuries, shot dead to occupy their lands, shot dead for thousands, for not working faster in their exploitation services, for imperialism, and the black What alliance can the system of lynchings and the brutal preterism of the black people of the United States give to the 15 million black people and 14 million Latin American mulattoes who know with horror and anger that their brothers from the North cannot ride in the same vehicles as their white compatriots nor attend the same schools, nor even die in the same hospitals? How can they believe in this imperialism, in its benefits, in its alliances, that they are not to lynch them and exploit them as slaves, these preterite ethnic groups? Those masses that have not been able to enjoy any cultural, social or professional benefit, that even where they are majorities or form millions, they are mistreated by the imperialists disguised as Ku Klux Klan, they are thrown to the most unhealthy neighborhoods, to the less comfortable collective houses made for them, pushed to the most ignoble jobs, to the hardest jobs and the least lucrative professions that make contact with universities, high academies or private schools? What alliance for progress can stimulate those 107 million men and women of our America, a work cell in cities and fields? whose dark skin, black, mestizo, mulatto, Indian, inspires contempt for the new colonizers. How are they going to trust the supposed alliance, those who in Panama have seen with badly contained impotence that there is a salary for the Yankee and another salary for the Panamanian that they consider inferior race? ¿Qué pueden esperar los obreros con sus jornales de hambre, los trabajos más rudos, las condiciones más miserables, la desnutrición, las enfermedades y todos los males que incuba la miseria? ¿Qué les puede decir? ¿Qué palabras? What benefits can the imperialists offer to the miners of copper, tin, iron, coal, who leave their lungs for the benefit of distant and inclement owners? To the fathers and sons of the paddlers, of the paddlers, of the herbalists, of the fruit plantations, of the coffee and sugar engineers, of the peons in the pampas and in the plains, that amass with their health and with their lives the fortunes of the exploiters. What can these immense masses that produce wealth, that create values, that help to give birth to a new world everywhere, what can they expect from imperialism? That insatiable mouth, that insatiable hand without another immediate horizon than misery, the absolute disarmament, the cold death and without history at the end. What can this class expect, which has changed the course of history in other parts of the world, which has revolutionized the world, which is the vanguard of all the humble and exploited? What can we expect from imperialism, its most irreconcilable enemy? What can imperialism offer? What kind of benefit What luck of a better and fairer life, what motive, what incentive, what interest to overcome, to transcend their simple and primary steps to teachers, to teachers, to professionals, to intellectuals, to poets and to artists, to those who zealously care for the generations of children and young people so that imperialism can be seen in them. to those who live humiliating salaries in most countries, to those who suffer the limitations of their political and social expression in almost all parts, who do not exceed in their economic possibilities more than the simple line of their precarious resources and compensations, buried in a gray life and without horizons that ends in a retirement that then no longer covers half of the expenses What benefits or alliances will imperialism be able to offer them that are not the ones that reduce their total profit? If it creates sources of help for their professions, their arts, their publications, it is always in the well-understood that their productions must reflect their interests, their objectives, their nothingness. The novels that try to reflect the reality of the world of their rapacious adventures the poems that want to translate protests for their enslavement, for their interference in life, in the mind, in the viscera of their countries and peoples, the combative arts that pretend to imprison in their expressions the forms and contents of his aggression and constant pressure on everything he lives and progressively encourages, everything that is revolutionary, what he teaches, what he tries to guide, full of light and awareness, of clarity and beauty, to men and peoples with better destinies, towards the highest heights of thought, of life and justice, finds the most incarnated reprobation of imperialism. He finds the fence, the condemnation, the McCarthyist persecution. His press is closed, his name is erased from the columns and the slab of the most atrocious silence is applied to him, which is then one more contradiction of imperialism, when the writer the poet, the painter, the sculptor, the creator in any material, the scientist, begin to truly live, to live in the language of the people, in the hearts of millions of men around the world. imperialism all the other exchange deforms what analyzes by its sides for its benefit towards the multiplication of its dollar buying words or paintings or mothers or turning into silence the expression of the revolutionaries of the progressive men of those who fight for the people and their problems we could not forget In this sad picture, unfulfilled childhood, unattended childhood, childhood without the origin of America. America, which is a continent with a high birth rate, also has a high mortality rate. The mortality rate of children under one year, in 11 countries, rose to 125 per thousand a few years ago, and in another 17 to 90 children. En 102 países del mundo, en cambio, esa tasa alcanza a 51. En América, pues, se mueren tristemente, desatendidamente, 74 niños en cada mil en el primer año de su nacimiento. Hay países latinoamericanos en los que esa tasa alcanza, en algunos lugares, a 300 por mil niños. Thousands and thousands of children, up to seven years old, die in America of incredible diseases, diarrhea, pneumonia, malnutrition, hunger. Thousands and thousands of other diseases without attention in hospitals, without medicine. Thousands and thousands walk around. injured from endemic cretinism, paludism, trachoma, and other evils caused by contamination, lack of water, and other needs. Evils of this nature are a chain in American countries where thousands and thousands of children, children of widows, children of poor and small bourgeois, with a hard life and precarious means are agonizing. The data that will be redundant, are of a cold scale. Any official publication of international organizations gathers them by hundreds. In the educational aspects, it is unworthy to think of the level of inculturality that this America suffers. While the United States achieves a level of 8 and 9 years of schooling in the population of 19 years of age onwards, Latin America, robbed and exploited by them, has less than a school year approved as a level in those same ages. And it is even more unworthy when we know that of the children between 5 and 14 years old, only 20% are enrolled in some countries and in those of the highest level el 60%. Es decir, que más de la mitad de la infancia de América Latina no concurre a la escuela. Pero el dolor sigue creciendo cuando comprobamos que la matrícula de los tres primeros grados corresponde más del 80% de los matriculados y que en el grado sexto the enrollment fluctuates between 6 and 22 students out of every 100 who started in the first grade. Even in the countries that believe to have served their children, that percentage of school losses between the first and sixth grade is 73% on average. In Cuba, before the Revolution, it was 74%. In Colombia, of representative democracy is 78. And if you look at the field, only 1% of children reach, in the best of cases, the fifth grade of education. When this disaster of school absenteeism is investigated, a cause explains it. the economy of misery, lack of schools, lack of teachers, lack of family resources, child labor, in short, imperialism and its work of oppression and delay. The summary of this nightmare that America has lived from one end to the other is that in this continent of almost 200 million human beings, formed in its two third parts by the Indians, the mestizos and the blacks, by the discriminated. In this continent of semi-colonies, they die of hunger, of curable diseases or premature old age. Around four people per minute, 5,500 a day, of two million per year, of ten million every five years. These deaths could be easily avoided, but nevertheless they occur. The two-thirds of the Latin American population lives little and lives under the permanent threat of death. A life holocaust that in 15 years has caused twice as many deaths as the 1914 war. And it continues. Meanwhile, from Latin America flows to the United States a continuous stream of money. About 4,000 dollars per minute, 5 million per day, $2,000 million a year, $10,000 million every five years. For every $1,000 that goes away, we have one dead person left. $1,000 per dead person. That is the price of what is called imperialism. $1,000 per dead person, four times a minute. But despite that, of this American reality. Why did they gather in Punta del Este? Could it be to bring a single drop of relief to these evils? No. The people know that in Punta del Este the chancellors who expelled Cuba gathered to renounce national sovereignty. That there the US government went to settle the bases not only for the aggression against Cuba, but to intervene in any country in America against the liberating movement of the peoples. May the United States prepare for Latin America a bloody drama. May the exploiting oligarchies, the same ones that now renounce the principle of sovereignty, will not hesitate to request the intervention of the Yankee troops against their own peoples and that for that purpose the American delegation proposed a surveillance committee against subversion in the Inter-American Defense Council with executive powers and the adoption of collective measures. Subversion for the Yankee imperialists is the struggle of the hungry people for bread the struggle of the peasants for the land, the struggle of the peoples against imperialist exploitation. A vigilance committee in the Inter-American Defense Council with executive faculties means a force of continental repression against the peoples at the orders of the Pentagon. Collective measures mean disembarkations of marines, Yankees, in any country in America. Faced with the accusation that Cuba wants to export its revolution, we respond, the revolutions are not exported, they are made by the people. What Cuba can give to the people and has already given, is his example. And what does the Cuban revolution teach? That the revolution is possible, that the peoples can do it, that in the contemporary world there are no forces capable of preventing the liberation movement of the peoples. Our triumph would never have been feasible if the revolution itself had not been inexorably destined to emerge from the existing conditions in our economic and social reality, a reality that exists in an even greater degree in a good number of Latin American countries. It inevitably happens that in the nations where the control of the Yankee monopolies is stronger, the exploitation of oligarchy is more ruthless, and the situation of the working and peasant masses is more unbearable, the political power becomes fiercer, the states-of-place become habitual, all manifestations of dissatisfaction of the masses are suppressed by force, and the democratic cause is completely closed, revealing, with more evidence than ever, the character of a brutal dictatorship that assumes the power of the ruling classes. It is then when the revolutionary outbreak of the peoples becomes inevitable. And while it is true that in the underdeveloped countries of America the working class is generally relatively small, there is a social class that, due to the subhuman conditions in which it lives, constitutes a potential force that, directed by the workers and revolutionary intellectuals have a decisive importance in the struggle for national liberation, the peasants. In our countries, the circumstances of a sub-developed industry with a feudal agrarian regime come together. That is why, with all the harsh conditions of the lives of urban workers, The rural population lives in even more horrible conditions of oppression and exploitation. But it is also, except for exceptions, the absolutely majority sector in proportions that sometimes exceed 70% of Latin American populations. Discounting the landowners that are often received in the cities, the rest of that great mass free their sustenance by working as pawns in the haciendas for miserly wages, or plow the land in conditions of exploitation that have nothing to envy the Middle Ages. These circumstances are the ones that determine that in Latin America the poor population of the countryside constitutes a tremendous revolutionary potential force. The armies structured and equipped for the conventional war, which are the force in which the power of the exploiting classes is sustained, when they have to face the irregular struggle of the peasants in the natural scenario of these, they are absolutely impotent. They lose ten men for every revolutionary fighter who falls. And demoralization quickly sinks into them when they have to face an invisible and invincible enemy that does not offer them the opportunity to show off their academy tactics and their fanfares of war, of which they make so much noise to repress workers and students in the cities. The initial struggle of reduced fighting units is incessantly nourished with new forces, the mass movement begins to unravel, the old order is broken down little by little into a thousand pieces, and it is then the moment when the working class and the urban masses decide the battle. What is it that from the very beginning of the struggle of those first cores makes them invincible? regardless of the number, the power and resources of their enemies. The support of the people, and with that support of the masses, will count in an increasing degree. But the peasantry is a class that, due to the state of inculture in which they maintain it and the isolation in which it lives, Necesita la dirección revolucionaria y política de la clase obrera y los intelectuales revolucionarios, sin la cual no podría por sí sola lanzarse a la lucha y conquistar la victoria. In the current historical conditions of Latin America, the national bourgeoisie cannot lead the anti-feudal and anti-imperialist struggle. Experience shows that in our nations that class, even when its interests are contradictory to those of the Yankee imperialism, has been unable to face this paralyzed by fear of the social revolution and frightened by the clamor of the exploited masses. Situated before the dilemma of imperialism or revolution, only its most progressive layers will be with the people. The current world correlation of forces and the universal movement of liberation of colonial and dependent peoples point to the working class and the revolutionary intellectuals of Latin America their true role, which is to resolutely place themselves at the forefront of the fight against imperialism and feudalism. Imperialism, using the great cinematographic monopolies, its cable-graphic agencies, its magazines, books and reactionary newspapers, go to the most subtle lies to sow divisionism and instill, among the most ignorant people, fear and superstition to revolutionary ideas that only the interests of powerful exploiters and their secular privileges can and must frighten. Divisionism, the product of all kinds of prejudices, false ideas and lies. Sectarianism, dogmatism, the lack of breadth to analyze the role that corresponds to each social layer, its parties, organizations and leaders, hinder the essential unity of action between the democratic and progressive forces of our peoples. They are vices of growth, diseases of the childhood of the revolutionary movement that must be left behind. In the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle It is possible to vertebrate the vast majority of the people after goals of liberation that unite the effort of the working class, the peasants, the intellectual workers, the small bourgeoisie and the most progressive layers of the national bourgeoisie. These sectors include the vast majority of the population, and agglutinate great social forces capable of sweeping the imperialist domain and the feudal reaction. In this broad movement, they can and must fight together for the good of their nations, for the good of their peoples and for the good of America, from the old Marxist militant to the sincere Catholic who has nothing to do with the Yankee monopolies and feudal lords of the land. This movement could drag with it the progressive elements of the armed forces, also humiliated by the Yankee military missions, the betrayal of the national interests of the feudal oligarchies and the immolation of national sovereignty to the dictators of Washington. There where the paths of the peoples are closed, where the repression of the workers and peasants is ferocious, where the rule of the Yankee monopolies is stronger, the first And more importantly, it is to understand that it is not fair, nor is it correct, to entertain the peoples with the vain and accommodating illusion of starting, through illegal ways that do not exist, nor will exist, the dominant classes, entrenched in all the positions of the State, monopolizers of instruction owners of all the propaganda vehicles and owners of infinite financial resources a power that monopolies and oligarchies will defend with blood and fire with the strength of their policemen and their armies the duty of every revolutionary is to make the revolution it is known that in America and in the world the revolution will win. But it is not... But it is not for a revolutionary to sit at the door of his house to see the corpse of imperialism pass. The role of Job does not fit with that of a revolutionary. Every year that the liberation of America is accelerated, it will mean millions of children who will be saved for life, millions of intelligences who will be saved for culture, infinite flow of pain that the peoples would save. Even when the imperialist Yankees prepare for America a drama of blood, they will not be able to crush the struggle of the peoples, will incite against them universal hatred and it will also be the drama that marks the end of its voracious and cavernous system. No people of Latin America is weak because it is part of a family of 200 million brothers who suffer the same miseries, harbor the same feelings, They have the same enemy, they all dream of a better destiny, and they have the solidarity of all the honored men and women of the whole world. With how great was the era of the independence of Latin America, with how heroic was that struggle, the generation of Latin Americans today It has been a major and even more decisive epoch for humanity, because that struggle was to free itself from the colonial Spanish power, from a decadent Spain invaded by the armies of Napoleon. Today it is the struggle for liberation against the most powerful imperial metropolis in the world, against the most important force of the imperialist world system, and to lend humanity an even greater service than that of which our ancestors lent it. But this struggle, more than that one, will be fought by the masses. The peoples will play a much more important role than then. Men, leaders, matter and will matter in this struggle less of what they did in that one. This epic that we have in front of us will be written by the hungry masses of Indians, of farmers without land, of exploited workers. It will be written by the progressive masses, the honest and brilliant intellectuals that abound so much in our suffered lands of Latin America, struggle of masses and ideas, An epic that will carry on our people mistreated and despised by imperialism. Our unknown people until today, who are already beginning to take their dreams away from them. They considered us an impotent and submissive flock. And they are already starting to be scared of that flock. a giant herd of 200 million Latin Americans, in which the Yankee monopolist capital warns its burglars. With this working humanity, with these inhuman exploits, haphazardly managed by the methods of Fuerte and Mayoral, it has not been counted or it has been counted little. Desde los albores de la independencia, sus destinos han sido los mismos. Indios, gauchos, mestizos, zambos, cuarterones, blancos sin bienes ni rentas. Toda esa masa humana que se formó en las filas de la patria que nunca disfrutó, que cayó por millones, que fue despedazada, que ganó la independencia de sus metrópolis para la burguesía the one that was left out of the distribution, continued to occupy the last step of social benefits, continued to die of hunger, of curable diseases, of lack of attention, because for her the saviour goods never reached, the simple bread, the bed of a hospital, the medicine that saves, the helping hand, But the hour of her vindication, the hour that she herself has chosen, has been pointed out with precision, now, also from one end to another of the continent. Now, this more anonymous, this colored America, somber, taciturn, that sings throughout the continent with the same sadness and disappointment, now, This mass is the one that begins to enter definitively into its own history. It begins to write with its own blood. It begins to suffer and to die. Because now, through the fields and the mountains of America, through the slopes of its mountains, through its plains and its jungle, Between loneliness, or in the traffic of cities, or on the coasts of the great oceans and rivers, this world full of reasons begins to tremble with the hot fists of desire to die for what is theirs, to conquer their rights, almost 500 years mocked by some and others. Now, yes, history will have to count on the poor of America, with the exploited and belittled of Latin America, who have decided to start writing their own history forever. They are already seen on the roads, one day and another, on foot, in endless marches, of hundreds of kilometers to reach the ruling Olympians to recover their rights. They are already seen armed with stones, sticks, machetes, on one side and on the other, every day occupying the land, placing their spears on the land that belongs to them and defending it with their lives. They are seen carrying their posters, their flags, their slogans. making them run in the wind through the mountains or along the plains. And that wave of shuddered resentment, of reclaimed justice, of trampled right, that begins to rise between the lands of Latin America, that wave will no longer stop. That wave will grow every day that passes. because it is now the form in which the most, the majority in all aspects, those who accumulate with their work the riches, create the values, make the wheels of history walk and who now wake up from the long strenuous dream to which they were subjected. Because this great humanity has said enough, and has taken off, and his march of giants will no longer stop until it conquers true independence, for which they have already died more than once, uselessly. Now, in any case, those who die will die like those of Cuba, those of Playa Girón will die for their only true and renounceable independence. Fatherland or death, we will overcome. The people of Cuba, Havana, Cuba, free territory of America, February 4, 1962. The National General Assembly of the people of Cuba resolves that this Declaration be known as the Second Declaration of Havana, transferred to the main languages ​​and distributed throughout the world. It agrees to request from all the friends of the Cuban Revolution in Latin America, which is widely spread among the working, peasant, student and intellectual masses of the brotherly peoples of this continent. It is submitted This declaration is submitted to the approval of the people and it is requested that all citizens who agree raise their hands.

Speaker 1: Arriba los poderes del mundo, de tiernos esclavos sin pan, viviremos todos unidos, viva la Internacional. Renovamos todas las trabas que oprimen al proletario. Cambiemos al mundo de paz, uniendo al imperio burgués. ¡Arruinémonos todos en la lucha final! ¡Y se alcen los fuegos por la internacional! ¡Arruinémonos todos en la lucha final! ¡Gracias! ¡Gracias! Que nosotros mismos daremos Nuestra propia redención Donde tienen los proletarios El disfrute de su piel Tenemos que ser los obreros Nos rendiremos el pleno ¡Alojemos los codos en la lucha final! ¡Y se alcemos pueblos por la internacional! ¡Alojemos los codos en la lucha final! And may the people rise with pride for the International. The day that we will succeed, neither slaves nor nobles will speak. Los odios que al mundo envenenan Al mundo se extintirán El hombre del hombre es hermano Es el ave sin guardar La tierra será el paraíso King of humanity Let's all unite in the final struggle And the fires rise for the Internationale Let us all fight in the final struggle, and let the peoples rise with courage for the